| Kinkakuji
- The Golden Pavilion (1398 AD, reconstructed
1955)
other
sites in Kyoto |
Kyoto, Japan |
Click on an image to
enlarge a view
Kinkakuji means the temple of the Golden Pavilion. Constructed in Kyoto's northern hills in 1398 by Yoshimitsu, the third Ashikaga shogun, it was once part of a much larger villa complex. When he died it became a Zen temple in accordance with his will. Sadly, the original temple burned in 1950 when a deranged Buddhist monk set it ablaze. A good dramatization of the arson can be found in the book The Temple of the Golden Pavilion by Yukio Mishima
Each floor of the Kinkakuji is a different style. The first floor—called The Chamber of Dharma Waters—is inspired by the Heian mansions of the 11th century and often described as the Shinden style. It is merely a large room surrounded by a verandah. The verandah sits beneath the more massive second story and is separated from the interior by reticulated shutters called Shitomido. The Shitomido reach only halfway to the ceiling, allowing ample light and air in the interior.
The second story, called The Tower of Sound Waves, is the Samurai house style. Intended as a Buddha hall, it encloses an icon of the Bodhisattva Kannon.
The third story is built in the Zen style, with cusped windows and ornamentation. Appropriately, it houses an Amida triad and twenty-five Bodhisattvas. A Chinese phoenix crowns the eaves.
Kinkakuji serves as an important model for later works, particularly the Silver Pavilion, or Ginkakuji, constructed between 1384-1390 by another member of the Ashikaga family, Yoshimasa, who was the 8th shogun. Yoshimasa developed upon the styles employed at Kinkakuji and borrowed the names of its 2nd and 3rd floors for his own work.
Like Ginkakuji, Kinkakuji owes much to the Saihoji temple and moss garden complex of Muso Soseki (1275-1351) built in 1339. Soseki himself is said to have been influenced by the Song dynasty Zen text, The Blue Cliff Record. It is believed that Yoshimasa based his design of Ginkakuji on the Lapis Lazuli Pavilion (Ruriden) of Soseki's complex. Thus, a greatly simplified genealogy of specific influences may be seen as follows:
The
Blue Cliff Record
Heian era Shinden mansions
Song
Dynasty Zen text
of the secular elite, c. 950-1150
\
/
\
/
Muso Soseki (1275-1351)
Yoritomo, Founder of the
Saihoji temple of 1339
Ashikaga Shogunate in 1338
\
/
\
/
3rd Ashikaga shogun Yoshimitsu
Kinkakuji temple of 1398,
a blend of Heian residential
and Zen Buddhist styles.
|
|
8th Ashikaga shogun Yoshimasa
Ginkakuji temple of 1484-1490
Site plan of Kinkakuji.
Paths are black, water is gray, rectangles are buildings
Site plan modified and redrawn
from the original, which can be found in Japanese Gardens, Design and
Meaning,
by Michell Bring and Josse
Wayembergh. Copyright 1981.
On
the grounds of Kinkakuji are other peripheral buildings along the path leading
along the pond. One of the teahouses on this route is called the Sekka-tei,
within which is a celebrated pillar made up of a nandon. At the path's
exit is a small Fudodo shrine where the stone Fudo-myoo (Acara) is enshrined
as a guardian.
Right: the ticket to Kinkakuji
Bibliography:
Bring, Mitchell
& JosseWayembergh. Japanese Gardens, Design and Meaning.
New York:
McGraw-Hillbook company,1981.
Kazuo Nishi and Kazuo Hosumi What is Japanese architecture?
Kodansha International. Tokyo. 1983
All images copyright 1998-2000 Abe Ahn and Tim Ciccone